IBD Multifactorial diseases
Welcome to this section where we will explore the risk factors and protective factors that have been described in association to IBD. Delve into the intricate web of factors influencing IBD onset but take into account that most of the evidence comes from observational studies and as such caution is required when driving conclusions.
Remember, while associations abound, none of these factors alone can explain IBD development—association does not imply causation.
DIET
2024 Diet and Nutritional Therapies- AGA expert review
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diet and Nutritional Therapies in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review
2023 Food processing & IBD risk SR & meta-analysis
Food Processing and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2023 Ultra processed food & IBD risk SR & meta-analysis
The association of ultra-processed food consumption with adult inflammatory bowel disease risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 4 035 694 participants
2023 Early life diet & IBD risk
Early-life diet and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a pooled study in two Scandinavian birth cohorts
2023 Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system & IBD risk
Dietary index based on the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
2023 Food processing & IBD risk
Food Processing and Risk of CD and UC: A European Prospective Cohort Study
2023 Protein-Protein sources & IBD risk meta-analysis
The Association between Total Protein, Animal Protein, and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
2023 ultraprocessed food-CD
Association of ultra-processed food intake with Crohn’s disease (Cross-sectional & prospective analysis-UK)
2022 Ultraprocessed food- IBD
Ultra-processed Foods and Risk of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study (Nurses’ Health I&II and Health Professionals)
2022 meat intake-UC
Meat intake associated with UC risk (Cohort-EPIC cohort Europe)
2022 protein intake-IBD meta-analysis
Protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis
2021 dietary & environmental IBD risk factors meta-analysis
Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of inflammatory bowel disease in Eastern and Western populations
2021 ultraprocessed food-IBD
Association of ultra-processed food intake with IBD risk (Cohort-21 different countries-PURE study)
2021 Dietary Fiber, Fruit & Vegetables-IBD meta-analysis
Association of Dietary Fiber, Fruit, and Vegetable Consumption with Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2021 ultraprocessed food & dietary pattern-IBD
Dietary Patterns, Ultra-processed Food, and the Risk of IBD in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort (France)
2020 Western diet-IBD risk meta-analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis: Association of a pre-illness Western dietary pattern with the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease
2020 n-3 PUFA, fish and IBD risk meta-analysis
Dietary intake of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
2019 Sweetened beverages & IBD
No Association Between Consumption of Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Later-Onset Crohn’s Disease or Ulcerative Colitis
2019 Beverage & CD risk meta-analysis
Beverage intake and risk of Crohn disease. A meta-analysis of 16 epidemiological studies
2019 Carbohydrate & IBD meta-analysis
A meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk: evidence from 15 epidemiology studies
2017 Beverage consumption & UC meta-analysis
Beverage consumption and risk of ulcerative colitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
2017 Carbohydrate & protein- IBD meta-analysis
Carbohydrate and protein intake and risk of ulcerative colitis: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
2017 Fat intake- UC meta-analysis
Fat intake and risk of ulcerative colitis: Systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
2016 Dietary pattern-IBD
Dietary Patterns and Risk of IBD in Europe: Results from the EPIC Study
2015 Dietary fiber-IBD meta-analysis
Dietary fiber intake reduces risk of inflammatory bowel disease: result from a meta-analysis
2015 Vegetables & fruit-IBD meta-analysis
Consumption of vegetables and fruit and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
2015 Meat intake-IBD meta-analysis
2014 Dietary pattern-IBD
Diettary pattern and risk of IBD (EPIC study cohort-Europe)
2014 n3PUFA docosahexaenoic acid-CD
Association between high dietary intake of the n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and reduced risk of Crohn’s disease
2014 Dietary fat-IBD
Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of IBD (Nurses’ Health Study cohorts-US)
2014 arachidonic and oleic acid-UC
2014 Carbohydrate intake-IBD
Carbohydrate Intake in the Etiology of IBD (cohort study-EPIC study-Europe)
2013 Dietary fiber-IBD
Dietary fibre and IBD risk (Nurses’ Health Study cohort-US)
2010 n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-UC
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids & UC (cohort study-UK)
2010 Animal protein-CD
Animal Protein Intake and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The E3N Prospective Study (France)
2009 linoleic acid-UC
Linoleic acid (n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) and UC (nested case-control within European cohort)
2008 linoleic acid-UC
Diet in the aetiology of UC: a European prospective cohort study (EPIC study)
2008 Diet-pediatric CD
Dietary patterns and risk for CD in children (case-controls. Canada)
2008 Diet-UC
Dietary patterns and UC (EPIC study. Europe)
2007 Fatty acids, vegetable & fruit imbalance
Imbalances in Dietary Consumption of Fatty Acids, Vegetables, and Fruits are associated with pediatric CD (Case-control -Canada)
2005 Dietary factors-IBD
Dietary Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Case-control -Japan)
2005 Diet-UC
Diet as a risk factor for the development of ulcerative colitis
(Case-control -Netherlands)
1997 Pre-illness dietary factors
Pre-illness dietary factors in IBD (Case-control Israel)
1996 n6PUFA & animal portein-CD
Increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and animal protein relates to the increased incidence of CD in Japan
1988 Sugar and smoking-CD
Smoking and sugar intake are separate but interactive risk factors in CD
1988 Sugar and margarine-CD
Geographic and temporal variations of sugar and margarine consumption in relation to Crohn’s disease
1979 Preillness diet-CD
1977 Breakfast cornflakes-CD
Geographic and temporal variations of sugar and margarine consumption in relation to Crohn’s disease (cases-controls)
1976 Refined carbohydrates-CD
Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in patients with CD (case-control. Germany)
DIET
ANTIBIOTICS
(& antihelminthic)
2024 Antibiotics & new onset IBD meta-analysis
Antibiotic exposure and risk of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
2023 Antibiotics & new onset IBD meta-analysis
2023 Antibiotic use & IBD Danish cohort
2023 Maternal antibiotic exposure & IBD in offspring
Maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and risk of IBD in offspring: a population-based cohort study
2022 Mebendazole & IBD risk
Early-Life Mebendazole Exposure Increases the Risk of Adult-Onset Ulcerative Colitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study
2022 Perinatal antibiotic & IBD risk
Perinatal and Antibiotic Exposures and the Risk of Developing Childhood-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study Based on a Population-Based Birth Cohort
2020 Antibiotics in childhood & IBD risk meta-analysis
2020 Antibiotics & IBD Swedish case-control
2019 Fetal & early life antibiotic exposure & very early IBD
Fetal and early life antibiotics exposure and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study
2014 Antibiotics & IBD risk meta-analysis
Antibiotics Associated With Increased Risk of New-Onset Crohn’s Disease But Not Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis
2012 Antibiotics & IBD in children
Antibiotic Exposure and IBD Development Among Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study
2010 Antibiotics & pediatric IBD
Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Tobacco
2023 Maternal smoking, offspring smoking, genetic susceptibility & IBD risk
Impact of Maternal Smoking, Offspring Smoking, and Genetic Susceptibility on Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
2022 Causal role of smoking in IBD meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies
Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies
2022 smoking & IBD risk Taiwan
Effect of smoking on the development and outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in Taiwan: a hospital-based cohort study
2021 Ethnic difference smoking IBD risk meta-analysis
Ethnic Differences in the Smoking-related Risk of IBD
2021 smoking & IBD in Denmark
Risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in smokers lacks causal evidence (Cases-Controls- Denmark)
2020 Passive smoking & pediatric IBD in Japan
Association between Passive Smoking from the Mother and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Japanese Multicenter Study
2019 COPD & IBD riks meta-analysis
Association between inflammatory bowel disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2018 smoking & IBD China, India & the US
Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparison of China, India, and the USA (Cases-Controls)
2013 smoking & IBD risk in Hungary
Is Current Smoking Still an Important Environmental Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? Results from a Population-based Incident Cohort
2012 smoking & IBD risk in US women
A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Women (Nurses’ Health Study II Cohort US)
2009 Passive smoking meta-analysis
Childhood passive smoking and IBD risk
2007 smoking & IBD risk in the US
Smoking and IBD risk (Cohort US-Chicago)
2007 smoking & CD phenotype in Scotland
Smoking and CD phenotype (Cases-controls, UK-Scotland)
2006 Smoking & IBD Meta-analysis
Smoking and IBD risk
2006 Smoking & IBD in Israel
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Israel)
2003 Smoking & UC In Australia
Smoking and UC risk (case-control. Australia)
2002 Smoking & IBD among siblings in the UK
In siblings with similar genetic susceptibility for inflammatory bowel disease, smokers tend to develop CD and non-smokers develop UC (UK)
2000 Smoking & CD in patients with IBD family history in Italy
Smoking and CD risk (case-control. Italy)
1997 Smoking and IBD among jewish in Israel
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Israel)
1997 Smoking and IBD presentation & course in Spain
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Spain)
1995 Smoking & IBD in jewish in Israel
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Israel)
1994 Smoking & UC in the US
Smoking and UC risk (case-control. USA)
1992 Childhood passive smoke and UC risk in the US
Childhood passive smoking and UC risk (case-control. USA)
1990 Smoking & IBD in Sweden
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Sweden)
1988 Smoking & IBD in monozygotic & dizygotic twins in Sweden
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking (Sweden)
1988 Smoking & IBD in Sweden
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Sweden)
1988 Smoking, sugar & IBD in the UK
Smoking and sugar intake and IBD risk (case-control. UK)
1987 Smoking & UC risk in the US
Smoking and UC risk (case-control. USA)
1987 Smoking & IBD risk in Italy
Smoking and IBD risk (case-control. Italy)
1984 Smoking & CD risk in the UK
Smoking and CD risk (case-control. UK)
TOBACCO
APPENDICECTOMY
2023 appendicectomy & CD risk meta-analysis
The Role of Appendicectomy in Crohns disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2023 appendicectomy & UC risk meta-analysis
The Role of Appendicectomy in Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2023 REVIEW APPENDIX role UC
Nature review
2022 Appendicectomy and IBD risk
Appendectomy and risk for inflammatory bowel disease: effect of age and time post appendectomy – a cohort study
2022 Childhood appendicitis and IBD
Childhood appendicitis and future risk of inflammatory bowel disease
2017 UC risk in families affected by appendicitis
Reduced risk of UC in families affected by appendicitis
2017 Appendicectomy and UC risk
Meta-analysis of the association between appendiceal orifice inflammation and appendectomy and ulcerative colitis
2009 Appendicectomy and UC
Appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and subsequent risk of ulcerative colitis
2008 appendicectomy & CD meta-analysis
The Risk of Developing Crohn’s Disease After an Appendectomy
2007 Appendicectomy and CD risk
The risk of developing Crohn’s disease after an appendectomy: a population‐based cohort study in Sweden and Denmark
2004 Appendicectomy UC+PSC
Epidemiology of appendicectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis
2003 Appendicectomy and CD
Appendectomy is followed by increased risk of Crohn’s disease
2002 Australia case-control study IBD
Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
2001 Appendectomy & UC
Appendectomy and Protection against Ulcerative Colitis
2001 Appendicectomy and UC
Appendectomy protects against the development of ulcerative colitis and reduces its recurrence
2001 Appendicectomy & CD
Appendectomy is more frequent but not a risk factor in Crohn’s disease while being protective in ulcerative colitis: a comparison of surgical procedures in inflammatory bowel disease
1999 Appendicectomy & IBD risk
Appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
1998 Appendicectomy & more & IBD risk
Appendicectomy, childhood hygiene, Helicobacter pylori status, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study
1997 Appendicectomy & IBD risk
Appendectomy and the risk of developing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease: Results of a large case-control study. South Limburg Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group
1995 Appendicectomy & IBD risk
Appendectomy and Tonsillectomy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Microbiome
2023 Enterobacteriaceae & IBD dysbiosis
Enterobacteriaceae Growth Promotion by Intestinal Acylcarnitines, a Biomarker of Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2023 Gut virome & UC
Gut virome-colonising Orthohepadnavirus genus is associated with ulcerative colitis pathogenesis and induces intestinal inflammation in vivo
2023 food-derived yeasts & CD
Selection of cross-reactive T cells by commensal and food-derived yeasts drives cytotoxic TH1 cell responses in Crohn’s disease
2023 Enteric viruses & IBD
Human enteric viruses autonomously shape inflammatory bowel disease phenotype through divergent innate immunomodulation
2023 ASCA & Candida review in human health
From ASCA breakthrough in Crohn’s disease and Candida albicans research to thirty years of investigations about their meaning in human health
2023 Gut microbiota signatures & IBD
Gut microbiota signatures in inflammatory bowel disease
2023 Proteins & antimicrobial antibodies and CD
Preclinical Serological Signatures are Associated With Complicated CD at Diagnosis
2023 Gut virome & IBD
Gut virome in inflammatory bowel disease and beyond
2022 review microbiota-IBD
The gut microbiota in IBD
2021 Helicobacter & IBD
The Relationship Between Helicobacter pylori and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2021 Helicobacter & IBD
Association Between Helicobacter pylori Colonization and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2021 New fecal biomarkers & UC
Novel Fecal Biomarkers That Precede Clinical Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis
2021 Pathobionts & CD
Differential prevalence of pathobionts and host gene polymorphisms in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases: Crohn’s disease and intestinal tuberculosis
2019 Gastrointestinal infections & IBD
Gastrointestinal Infection Increases Odds of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Nationwide Case-Control Study
2019 Altered bacterial abundances & IBD
Growth effects of N-acylethanolamines on gut bacteria reflect altered bacterial abundances in inflammatory bowel disease
2019 Gut microbiota heterogeneity & IBD
The gut microbiota heterogeneity and assembly changes associated with the IBD
2019 Gut microbiota structure & metabolic activity in IBD
Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease
2019 Fusobacterium nucleatum & UC
Fusobacterium nucleatum facilitates ulcerative colitis through activating IL-17F signaling to NF-κB via the upregulation of CARD3 expression
2018 Gut virome & UC
Gut mucosal virome alterations in ulcerative colitis
2018 Gut microbiota & IBD pathogenesis
Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
2018 mucosal dysbiosis & CD
Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease
2017 Helicobacter & Campylobacter species in IBD
Dual role of Helicobacter and Campylobacter species in IBD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2017 Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD
Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD
2017 microbiota dynamics in IBD
Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease
2017 Ruminococcus gnavus & IBD
A novel Ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients
2016 Bacteroides Genome variants in pouchitis
Patient-Specific Bacteroides Genome Variants in Pouchitis
2016 Gene-microbiota interactions & IBD
Gene-microbiota interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
2015 Gut fungal microbiota & IBD
Gut Fungal Microbiota: The Yin and Yang of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2015 Alterations in enteric Virome & IBD
Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease
2014 Bacterial protein signals & CD
Bacterial protein signals are associated with Crohn’s disease
2014 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia hominis & UC
A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis
2014 Treatment-naive microbiota in CD
The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease
2012 host-microbe interactions in IBD meta-analysis
Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease
2011 dysbiosis in inflamed regions in IBD
High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease
2010 Fecal microbiota dysbiosis & CD
Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray
2009 mycobacterium avium and pediatric CD
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in children with early-onset Crohn’s disease
2009 Adherent-invasive E. Coli & CD
Molecular diversity of Escherichia coli in the human gut: new ecological evidence supporting the role of adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) in Crohn’s disease
2009 Mycobacterium avium subspecies & CD
Isolation of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Reactive CD4 T Cells from Intestinal Biopsies of Crohn’s Disease Patients
2008 Mycobacterium avium subspecies & CD
On the prevalence of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA in the blood of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease
2008 Fungi & IBD
Fungi and inflammatory bowel diseases: Alterations of composition and diversity
2006 Reduced diversity & CD
Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach
2005 Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae & IBD
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease
2004 Reduction in bacterial diversity & IBD
Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease
2004 AIEC & CD
High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn’s disease
2004 MAP & CD
Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn’s disease
1998 ASCA and pANCA in IBD
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and diagnostic role
1998 adherent Escherichia coli strains- CD
Presence of adherent Escherichia coli strains in ileal mucosa of patients with Crohn’s disease
1992 Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CD
Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn’s disease and their possible pathogenic importance.
1992 M.paratuberculosis in CD
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in Crohn’s disease tissue
1990 Saccharomyces cerevisiae & IBD
Serum Antibodies Reactive with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is IgA Antibody a Marker for Crohn’s Disease?
1990 Saccharomyces cerevisiae & Candida in CD
Antibody to selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s and brewer’s yeast) and Candida albicans in Crohn’s disease
MICROBIOME
GENETICS & OMICS
Dr Laura Fachal (Wellcome Sanger Institute, UK) has played a pivotal role in supporting this section
2023 Epigenetic Analysis of the Trial of Prevention of Post-operative CD
Genome-Wide Methylation Profiling in 229 Patients With Crohn’s Disease Requiring Intestinal Resection: Epigenetic Analysis of the Trial of Prevention of Post-operative Crohn’s Disease (TOPPIC)
2023 Genetic architecture of IBD across East Asia & Europe
Genetic architecture of the inflammatory bowel diseases across East Asian and European ancestries
2023 EGR2, ICAM1, IL33, INPP5D, ITK, PDGFD, RGS1, TLR4 in IBD Ashkenazi Jewish
Identifying high-impact variants and genes in exomes of Ashkenazi Jewish inflammatory bowel disease patients
2023 LHFPL3-AS2 lncRNA in CD
Reduced LHFPL3-AS2 lncRNA expression is linked to altered epithelial polarity and proliferation, and to ileal ulceration in Crohn disease
2023 IBD within and across families
Risk Factors for Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease Within and Across Families with a Family History of IBD
2022 REVIEW Multiomics
Multiomics to elucidate IBD risk factors and pathways
2022 multiple genes & rare variants associated to CD susceptibility
Large-scale sequencing identifies multiple genes and rare variants associated with Crohn’s disease susceptibility
2021 Three new susceptibility loci identified in Koreans with IBD
Identification of Three Novel Susceptibility Loci for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Koreans in an Extended Genome-Wide Association Study
2020 Associations of FUT2 and ABO with CD in Koreans
Association of FUT2 and ABO with Crohn’s disease in Koreans
2020 Genetic Analysis of UC in Japanese Individuals
Genetic Analysis of Ulcerative Colitis in Japanese Individuals Using Population-specific SNP Array
2019 RAP1A as a Novel Susceptibility Gene for CD in Japanese
A Genome-wide Association Study Identifying RAP1A as a Novel Susceptibility Gene for Crohn’s Disease in Japanese Individuals
2019 Genetic association of intestinal permeability in CD
Analysis of Genetic Association of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-degree Relatives of Patients with Crohn’s Disease
2019 CD polymorphism, ATG16L1 T300A, alters gut microbiota & enhances local Th1/Th17 response
The Crohn’s disease polymorphism, ATG16L1T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response
2018 REVIEW IBD heritability
Determinants of IBD Heritability: Genes, Bugs, and More
2017 study in detail (via fine mapping) known loci to determine causal variants and genes
Fine-mapping inflammatory bowel disease loci to single-variant resolution
2017 GWAS and exome sequencing that led to the discovery of ADCY7 involvement on UC
Exploring the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease by whole-genome sequencing identifies association at ADCY7
2017 African-American susceptibility loci in IBD
Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies African-Specific Susceptibility Loci in African Americans With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2017 Integrine genes activation & IBD
Genome-wide association study implicates immune activation of multiple integrin genes in inflammatory bowel disease
2017 X Chromosome-wide Association Study Identifies a Susceptibility Locus for IBD in Koreans
X Chromosome-wide Association Study Identifies a Susceptibility Locus for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Koreans
2016 Meta-analysis with other immune mediated and autoimmune traits, identifies new loci
Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci
2016 Identification of Ten Additional Susceptibility Loci for UC in Koreans
Identification of Ten Additional Susceptibility Loci for Ulcerative Colitis Through Immunochip Analysis in Koreans
2016 A protein-truncating R179X variant in RNF186 protects against UC
A protein-truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis
2016 Inherited determinants of CD & UC
Inherited determinants of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis phenotypes: a genetic association study
2016 ILoci at 1q21 and 16q23
Identification of Loci at 1q21 and 16q23 That Affect Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Koreans
2015 Heritability in IBD
Heritability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From the First Twin Study to Genome-Wide Association Studies
2015 Immunochip Analysis Identification of 6 Susceptibility Loci for CD in Koreans
Immunochip Analysis Identification of 6 Additional Susceptibility Loci for Crohn’s Disease in Koreans
2015 shared role for HLA-DRB1*01:03 in IBD & heterozygous advantage in UC
High-density mapping of the MHC identifies a shared role for HLA-DRB1*01:03 in inflammatory bowel diseases and heterozygous advantage in ulcerative colitis
2015 Identified 38 new susceptibility loci in IBD
Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations
2015 Korean GWAS identifies new loci in CD
Genome-wide association study of Crohn’s disease in Koreans revealed three new susceptibility loci and common attributes of genetic susceptibility across ethnic populations
2014 Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms & IBD risk meta analysis
Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
2013 Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms & IBD risk meta analysis
Associations Between Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: A Meta-analysis
2013 Deep resequenciing of GWAS identifies CARD9, IL23R and RNF186 in UC
Deep Resequencing of GWAS Loci Identifies Rare Variants in CARD9, IL23R and RNF186 That Are Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
2013 GWAS study of UC in Koreans suggests extensive overlapping of genetic susceptibility with Caucasians
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 2 Susceptibility Loci for Crohn’s Disease in a Japanese Population
2013 Muc19 gene association by GWAS in CD
Genome-wide Association Study Signal at the 12q12 Locus for Crohn’s Disease May Represent Associations with the MUC19 Gene
2013 Two susceptibility Loci for CD in a Japanese
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 2 Susceptibility Loci for Crohn’s Disease in a Japanese Population
2012 Novel susceptibility loci in CD in Ashkenazi Jewish
A Genome-Wide Scan of Ashkenazi Jewish Crohn’s Disease Suggests Novel Susceptibility Loci
2012 Host–microbe interactions & IBD genetic architecture
Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease
2011 Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional UC risk loci
Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47
2011 microbiota shifts & disease phenotype/genotype
Disease phenotype and genotype are associated with shifts in intestinal-associated microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases
2011 GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with IBD
Deep resequencing of GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease
2010 GWAS identifies multiple susceptibility loci in UC
Genome-wide association identifies multiple ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci
2010 GWAS identifies 71 loci associated to CD susceptibility (including SMAD3, ERAP2, IL10, IL2RA, TYK2, FUT2, DNMT3A, DENND1B, BACH2, TAGAP)
Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn’s disease susceptibility loci
2009 JAK2 (IBD), LYRM4 and CDKAL1 (UC) and more in CD
Investigation of Crohn’s Disease Risk Loci in Ulcerative Colitis Further Defines Their Molecular Relationship
2009 GWAS of UC susceptibility loci
Genome-wide association study of ulcerative colitis identifies three new susceptibility loci, including the HNF4A region
2009 Genetic variants in the region harbouring IL2/IL21 associated with UC
Genetic variants in the region harbouring IL2/IL21 associated with ulcerative colitis
2009 IBD among danish twins
Concordance of Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Danish Twins
2009 Three new susceptibility loci for UC susceptibility in Japanese
A genome-wide association study identifies three new susceptibility loci for ulcerative colitis in the Japanese population
2008 ECM1 locus in UC
Genetic determinants of ulcerative colitis include the ECM1 locus and five loci implicated in Crohn’s disease
2007 autophagy gene IRGM and CD
Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn’s disease susceptibility
2007 GWAS including CD
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
2007 ATG16L1 CARD15 and IL23R in CD
Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis
2007 IL23R, ATG16L1 & 5p13.1-CD Japan
Association analysis of genetic variants in IL23R, ATG16L1 and 5p13.1 loci with Crohn’s disease in Japanese patients
2006 ATG16L1-CD
SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for CD in ATG16L1
2006 IL23R-IBD
GWAS Identifies IL23R as an IBD Gene
2005 TNFSF15 in CD
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TNFSF15 confer susceptibility to Crohn’s disease
2005 NOD2/CARD15-Danish twins
Disease Concordance, Zygosity, and NOD2/CARD15 Status. Follow-Up of a Population-Based Cohort of Danish Twins with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2004 DLG5 & IBD
Genetic variation in DLG5 is associated with inflammatory bowel disease
2003 NOD2/CARD15-Chinese
NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms and CD in the Chinese population
2001 NOD2-CD British and German
Association between insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn’s disease in German and British populations
2001 NOD2-CD
Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease
2001 NOD2-CD
A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to CD
1996 IBD susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3,7 and 12
Two stage genome–wide search in inflammatory bowel disease provides evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 12
1996 chromosome 6 and CD
Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn’s disease on chromosome 16
1991 IBD in families
Familial Occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
2023 Maternal Smoking, Offspring Smoking, Genetic Susceptibility & IBD
Impact of Maternal Smoking, Offspring Smoking, and Genetic Susceptibility on Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
2023 Maternal antibiotic exposure
Maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and risk of IBD in offspring: a population-based cohort study
2020 Passive smoking from the mother & IBD
Association between Passive Smoking from the Mother and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Japanese Multicenter Study
2021 Mode of delivery meta-analysis
Mode of Delivery Does Not Affect the Risk of IBD
2019 Fetal & early life antibiotics & very early IBD
Fetal and early life antibiotics exposure and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study
2017 Breastfeeding meta-analysis
Breastfeeding and IBD risk
2014 Mode of delivery & IBD meta-analysis
Mode of Delivery and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Offspring: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
2014 Cesarean delivery & IBD meta-analysis
Cesarean delivery and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2004 Breastfeeding & IBD risk
Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis
1993 Breastfeeding -CD
Breast-feeding protective for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in childhood
1991 Infant feeding-UC
Infant feeding practices and UC risk (case-control. Canada)
1989 Breastfeeding -CD
Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn’s disease in childhood (cases-controls. Canada)
1982 Breastfeeding length -CD
Breast-Feeding during Infancy in Patients Who Later Develop CD was shorter (case-control. Sweden)
1979 Breastfeeding -IBD
Bottle feeding, early gastroenteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Pregnancy & breastfeeding
EXERCISE & OBESITY
2024 physical activity & IBD meta analysis
Physical Activity Is Associated With A Decreased Risk Of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis
2022 Physical activity in childhood
Physical activity in childhood and later risk of IBD (Scandinavian cohort)
2022 OBESITY-CD meta analysis
Obesity is Associated With Increased Risk of CD, but not UC (pooled analysis of 5 cohort studies)
2022 OBESITY-IBD risk meta analysis
A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on obesity and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
2019 BMI-IBD meta-analysis
Body mass index and risk of IBD: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies of over a million participants
2018 BMI & IBD risk
Relation of body mass index to risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease amongst women in the Danish National Birth Cohort
2016 Physical activity meta-analysis
Association between physical activity and IBD
2015 Obesity & IBD risk
Measures of obesity and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
2015 BMI & IBD risk meta-analysis
Body Mass Index Is Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2013 BMI & IBD risk
Body Mass Index and the Risk for Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Data From a European Prospective Cohort Study (TheIBDin EPIC Study)
Mental health
2023 Prevalance Depression/ Anxiety and IBD- meta-analysis
Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2023 Depression/ Anxiety and IBD
The bidirectional risk of inflammatory bowel disease and anxiety or depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2023 Depression/ Anxiety and bipolar disorder in IBD
Longitudinal trajectories of anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study
2022 Schizophrenia & IBD risk
Schizophrenia and risk of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide longitudinal study
2022 Depression-IBD mendelian randomization study
Depression and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study
2022 Schizophrenia & IBD mendelian randomization study
Estimation of the bidirectional relationship between schizophrenia and inflammatory bowel disease using the mendelian randomization approach
2022 Depression-IBD and unaffected siblings
Bidirectional association between inflammatory bowel disease and depression among patients and their unaffected siblings
2021 Depression-IBD risk
Depression in individuals who subsequently develop inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based nested case–control study
2019 Depression, antidepresants-IBD risk
Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, which may be mitigated by the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression
2019 Depression-IBD
Depression and IBD: A Bidirectional Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study
2018 Depression-IBD
Depression increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, which may be mitigated by the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression
2013 Depression-IBD NURSES' HEALTH STUDY
Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incidence of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the Nurses’ Health Study
2007 Stress
Stressful Life Events as a Risk Factor for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Onset (case-controls)
Mental health
URBAN LIVING & POLLUTION
2024 Farming activities & IBD
Farming activities and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a French nationwide population-based cohort study
2024 agriculture, biodiversity, green space & IBD
Association between early life exposure to agriculture, biodiversity, and green space and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study
2023 PFAS exposure & IBD
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is associated with later occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease
2023 Early life hygiene factors
Early-Life Hygiene-Related Factors and Risk of IBD: A Scandinavian Birth Cohort Study
2023 Early life factors
Influence of Early Life Factors, including breast milk Composition, on the Microbiome of Infants Born to Mothers with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2022 perfluoroalkyl substances and IBD
Plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in women: A nested case control analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study cohorts
2022 microplastics
Analysis of Microplastics in Human Feces Reveals a Correlation between Fecal Microplastics and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Status
2021 Residential green space & pediatric IBD risk
Residential Greenspace in Childhood Reduces Risk of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study
2020 Air pollution and pediatric IBD
Ambient air pollution and the risk of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based cohort study
2019 Urban-rural during childhood & IBD meta-analysis
Urban-rural environmental exposure during childhood and subsequent risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
2017 Rural/urban living-IBD
Rural and Urban Residence During Early Life is Associated with Risk of IBD: A Population-Based Inception and Birth Cohort Study
2015 Perfluorooctanoic acid and IBD
A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
2013 Perfluorooctanoic acid and UC
Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the mid-Ohio valley
2012 Urban living-IBD meta-analysis
The relationship between urban environment and the inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2010 Rural/urban living-IBD
The inflammatory bowel diseases and ambient air pollution: a novel association
OTHER DRUGS
2023 Antibiotics, Hormonal therapies, contraceptives, NSAIDs & IBD
Associations of Antibiotics, Hormonal Therapies, Oral Contraceptives, and Long-Term NSAIDS With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study
2023 PPI & IBD
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients Using Proton-Pump Inhibitors: A Population-Based Study
2023 PPI & IBD before and after diagnosis
Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Before and After a Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2023 Isotretinoin & IBD risk meta-analysis
Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of IBD in Eastern and Western populations
2022 Metformin & IBD risk
Metformin use is not associated with reduced risk of older onset inflammatory bowel disease: a Danish nationwide population-based study
2022 Contraceptive & IBD risk
Use of contraceptives and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study
2022 PPI & IBD risk meta-analysis
Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of observational studies
2021 PPI & IBD
Regular Use of Proton Pump Inhibitor and the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pooled Analysis of 3 Prospective Cohorts
2020 Metformin & IBD risk
Metformin Use Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
2019 PPI, H2 blockers & IBD in children
Proton Pump Inhibitors, H2 Blocker Use, and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children
2019 Oral contraceptives & UC risk
Use of oral contraceptives and risk of ulcerative colitis – A systematic review and meta-analysis
2018 Oral contraceptives & IBD
The association between new generation oral contraceptive pill and the development of inflammatory bowel diseases
2017 Oral contraceptives & IBD
Exposure to oral contraceptives increases the risk for development of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis of case-controlled and cohort studies
2013 Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors & IBD risk
Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
2012 Hormone therapy and IBD
Hormone Therapy Increases Risk of Ulcerative Colitis but not Crohn’s Disease
2012 Aspirin, NSAIDs and IBD
Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis: a cohort study
2011 Aspirin & IBD risk
Aspirin in the aetiology of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a European prospective cohort study
2008 Contraceptive pill- meta-analysis
The Risk of Oral Contraceptives in the Etiology of IBD
2008 Menopause Hormonal replacement & IBD
Hormonal replacement therapy after menopause is protective of disease activity in women with inflammatory bowel disease
2005 contraceptives, HRT, appendix and smoking
Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the general population (Nested case-controls. UK)
1998 Smoking, oral contraception & breastfeeding & IBD (Italy)
Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study
1986 IBD, smoking and oral contraceptives
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cigarette smoking, and use of oral contraceptives: findings in a large cohort study of women of childbearing age (UK)
OTHER DRUGS
BARRIER DYSFUNCTION
2023 Immune response & barrier dysfunction in CD
Immune response and barrier dysfunction-related proteomic signatures in preclinical phase of Crohn’s disease highlight earliest events of pathogenesis
2023 Mucin & pediatric IBD
Aberrant Mucin Expression Profiles Associate With Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation and Activity
2020 Intestinal permeability & CD
Increased Intestinal Permeability Is Associated With Later Development of Crohn’s Disease
2019 Intestinal permeability genetic association in CD and healthy first-degree relatives
Analysis of Genetic Association of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-degree Relatives of Patients with Crohn’s Disease
2015 Determinants of intestinal permeability in CD
Determinants of Intestinal Permeability in Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Individuals with Crohn’s Disease
2007 Claudin, barrier dysfunction in active CD
Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn’s disease
1999 Distinct intestinal permeability in CD and relatives
Different intestinal permeability patterns in relatives and spouses of patients with Crohn’s disease: an inherited defect in mucosal defence?
GEOGRAPHY
2023 Differential IBD diagnosis based on race/immigration status
Differential Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Race and Immigration Status
2019 Population density in Asia-Pacific & IBD
Population Density and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Population-Based Study in 13 Countries or Regions in Asia-Pacific
2019 Sex-based differences in Asia-Pacific & IBD
Sex-based differences in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases—pooled analysis of population-based studies from the Asia-Pacific region
2018 Sex-based differences in Western countries & IBD
Sex-Based Differences in Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Pooled Analysis of Population-Based Studies From Western Countries
2015 Vitamin D, UVA, geography and IBD
Association between 25(OH)D Level, Ultraviolet Exposure, Geographical Location, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2015 IBD in Immigrants to Canada
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Immigrants to Canada And Their Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study
GEOGRAPHY
OTHER FACTORS
2024 Environmental factors-CD from CCC-GEM Project
Environmental Factors Associated with Risk of Crohn’s Disease Development in the CCC-GEM Project
2024 periodontitis & IBD
Causal Association Analysis of Periodontitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study
2023 Tryptophan metabolism & IBD
Rewiring the altered tryptophan metabolism as a novel therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel diseases
2022 Environmental & dietary factors meta-analysis
Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of IBD in Eastern and Western populations
2022 prematurity, delivery & feeding-IBD
Prematurity, Delivery Method, and Infant Feeding Type Are Not Associated with Paediatric-onset IBD Risk
2021 periodontitis & IBD meta-analysis
The Association between Periodontitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
2021 periodontitis & IBD meta-analysis
Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
2020 periodontitis & IBD meta-analysis
Association between periodontal disease and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
2020 Early-life exposures & IBD based on deciduous teeth analysis
Association Between Early-life Exposures and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Based on Analyses of Deciduous Teeth
2020 Environmental risk factors & IBD
Identification of Environmental Risk Factors Associated With the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2019 Umbrella review meta-analysis
Environmental factors in IBD
2016 Environmental & hygiene factors
Environmental Hygiene and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
2016 Tonsillectomy-IBD meta-analysis
Tonsillectomy and the risk of IBD
2016 Environmental factors in China
Identification of Environmental Factors Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Southwestern Highland Region of China: A Nested Case-Control Study
2016 Vitamin D & IBD risk meta-analysis
Association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2014 Sleep duration & IBD
Sleep Duration Affects Risk for Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study
2014 ECCO-EpiCom
Environmental factors in a population-based inception cohort of IBD patients in Europe — An ECCO-EpiCom study
2011 Environmental factors in IBD Danish cohort
Environmental factors in IBD: A case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort
2008 Risk factors of UC (Spain)
Environmental risk factors and UC (Case-controls. Spain)
2001 Risk factors of CD (Spain)
Environmental risk factors and Crohn’s disease (Case-controls. Spain)
2000 Early determinants of IBD (UK)
Early determinants of IBD use of two national longitudinal birth cohorts (Nested case-controls. UK)
1998 Modern life & IBD (The Netherlands)
Modern life in the epidemiology of IBD
1994 Childhood infections & IBD risk
Childhood infections and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease
1994 IBD risk and domestic hygiene in infancy
Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene in infancy
1990 UC risk, smoking & alcohol (Japan)
A Case-Control Study of Ulcerative Colitis with Relation to Smoking Habits and Alcohol Consumption in Japan
1990 Perinatal risk factors & IBD kids
PERINATAL RISK FACTORS FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
1987 Childhood factors & IBD kids
Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
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Illustrations by Cristina Gros Content creator and development Beatriz Gros
